John Calvin s Philosophy On The Knowledge Of God

Many arguments have been made throughout history about the knowledge of God. While some come and go, other arguments remain consistent and are agreed upon by many. One individual who proposed an argument on the knowledge of God is John Calvin. Calvin’s theology has transformed the Christian religion and has created a foundational view of the knowledge and sovereignty of God. One of Calvin’s famous books is the Institutes of the Christian Religion. Throughout this book Calvin uses nature and the assumption of humanities common sense to support his points. Though a few faulty arguments arise in his institutes, Calvin’s arguments remain strong to this day. Calvin argues that through the revelation of God, humanity receives the knowledge of God as Creator. After the fall, however, Scripture and the Holy Spirit work to authenticate and reaffirm the knowledge and revelation of God to humanity. One of Calvin’s main arguments in the Institutes of the Christian Rel igion is that God has â€Å"implanted in all men a certain understanding of his divine majesty.† In other words, God has inscribed in the hearts of all people a sense of deity. He claims that idolatry is proof that all of humanity seeks to worship something. Whether it is God or something else, all of humanity worships idols, therefore having a sense of deity or god in their life. In The Knowledge of God in Calvin’s Theology, Edward Dowey Jr. refers to Calvin as using â€Å"natural arguments†. He says, â€Å"Man first observes theShow MoreRelatedTheologians Views on Revelations757 Words   |  3 PagesRevelations When one thinks of revelations, most people think of the last book of the Bible. This is not what we are talking about in this precise study. We are talking about how God reveals himself to us. It is clear that God reveals himself through many means, all of which contribute to our knowledge of God God reveals himself to me through many different ways. My church, my fellow Christian friends and of course, the Holy Bible. The Bible is the second best thing that he gave us, next toRead MoreJohn Calvin Essay1770 Words   |  8 PagesAt an early age, John Calvin found his calling to God to the chagrin of his father, who wanted him to be a lawyer. This calling to God helped Calvin bring about changes to the church. Even though Calvin traveled to some isolated spots in Europe preaching his sermons, the changes occurred all throughout Europe and then into the Americas. All these changes began humbly in France in the early 1500s. According to Lord, John Cauvin or Calvin as we know him, was born July 10th, 1509 in Noyon, whichRead MoreThe Medieval Church1884 Words   |  8 Pagesdefeat these indecencies essentially by expulsion and execution. The Reformation of the sixteenth century was not a surprise. Reformers inside of the medieval church, for example, St. Francis of Assisi, Valdes, Jan Hus, and John Wycliffe tended to viewpoints in the congregation s life in the hundreds of years before 1517. In the sixteenth century Erasmus of Rotterdam, an extraordinary humanist researcher, was the boss advocate of liberal Catholic change that assaulted well known superstitions in theRead MoreJohn Locke s Influence On His Epistemology1487 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"natural philosophy†), a subject that particularly excited him in his late teen years and one that would remain a lifelong interest. In New York he began a notebook of â€Å"Miscellanies,† in which he placed his thoughts on theology and philosophy. By the end of 1723 he had added three more notebooks: â€Å"Notes on the Apocalypse,† â€Å"Notes on Scripture† and â€Å"The Mind† (Marsden 59). We can say John Locke was a major force of behind this growth of Jonathan Edwards , but only the Locke s influence on hisRead MoreHow Renaissance And The Humanist Movement Reflect The Political, Economic, And Social Developments Of The Period?828 Words   |  4 Pagesrebirth of Classical culture. During this era, many Italians believed that they observed the rebirth of antiquity or Greco-roman civilization (334). Throughout this time period, the art that came out was similar to the growth that happened in philosophy, literature, music and science. Renaissance art focused more on humans, the accurate portrayal of the natural world as well as the old architecture of the Romans. The Renaissance art was reflected politically because during this time, the citiesRead MoreHow the Renaissance, Reformation, an d Scientific Revolution Led to a More Secular and Democrtatic Society1437 Words   |  6 Pageswhere old became new and ideas on science, nature, and education flowed like a rushing river. The impact on authority was great and lasting in its effect to the world. Great men began to ask questions about human nature, how humans were related to God, the best way to achieve human happiness and, an overall individual fulfillment became important. A liberal arts education over religion became, for the first time since Christianity took over in the 4th century, a reality (Matthews, Platt, 320). ThisRead MoreThe Reformation Essay2676 Words   |  11 Pageschurch started in the 1300s at Oxford University. John Wycliff stirred up controversy in teaching the freedom of religious conscience of the individual believer, who stood in faith directly before God in 1370. Wycliffs followers, contemptuously called Lollards, preached reform in England. Also, Wycliffs movement made much of the bibl e available to the masses in its English translation from the Vulgate. This gave the people a more personal relationship with God because they could educate themselvesRead MoreThe Historical Development That Truly Define The Renaissance As Rebirth1441 Words   |  6 Pagesmany. Third, the ottoman dominating Constantinople, Christine scholars fled the remains of the byzantine empire with them classical knowledge and primary source from Greek and roman civilization. B) The better protestant reforming argument is Martin Luther’s argument better than John Calvin’s argument in Protestant reformer’s argument. Because Luther was older than Calvin to be precise. Luther belong to first generation. He is the one that started the protestant reformation when he declared that onlyRead MoreThe Historical Developments That Truly Defines The Renaissance As Rebirth1443 Words   |  6 Pages Third, the ottoman dominating Constantinople, Christine scholars fled the remains of the Byzantine empire with them classical knowledge and primary source from Greek and Roman civilization. B) The better protestant reforming argument is Martin Luther’s argument better than John Calvin’s argument in Protestant reformer’s argument. Because Luther was older than Calvin to be precise. Luther belongs to the first generation. He is the one that started the protestant reformation when he declared thatRead MoreRethinking Work Ethic For The Age Of Convergence2191 Words   |  9 Pagesself-worth and dignity. As anti-globalization forces sweep across the planet, Geneva-based economist Richard Baldwin asks in his well-timed book The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization, â€Å"What if globalization was about knowledge instead of trade?† He argues that the first two phases of globalization, moving goods (i.e., global shipping) and moving ideas (i.e., information and communications technology) catalyzed the surge in international trade that is now taken for granted

Advantages & Disadvantages of Social Network-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Media in Business. Answer: Introduction The aim of the assignment is to study the advantages and disadvantages of using social networking in the business organisations. The business organisations today use social networks to communicate with their external stakeholders like the business partners and customers. The social networking activities can be offline and online. The offline activities compromise of using references to get more profitable business deals and meeting with prospective clients. The online networking consists of using emails, ecommerce websites and social networking media sites like Facebook to conduct business. These social network has both advantages and disadvantages to the business organisations using them. The assignment starts with project objectives followed by the scope of the project. The next section is the literature review which delves into the advantages and disadvantages of using social media in the business. The threats of using social media in conducting business would be studied from both ethical and technical aspects. Project Objective: The objective of the assignment is to study the advantages and disadvantages of using social network in the business organisations. The study would aim to show both the brighter and the darker side of using social network to carry on business. Project Scope: The scope of the project is huge and covers area. The assignment will deal with how business organisations use their physical networks like goodwill, references and other methods to expand the area of their business. The paper would also deal with digital media and social media which organisations use to conduct business activities like selling their products online and gaining customer feedback. It would point out the advantages of using social networking for business purposes like reaching out to customers and building new partnership. The assignment would also cover the threats to sharing databases online which companies do with their business partners and customers. The threats would be explained both from ethical and technical view point. Literature Review: Advantages of social network: Drury-Grogan and Russ (2013) state that the advantage of social networking to busienss organisations is that it helps the companies to communicate with customers and business partners. The companies often use references from their business networks to avail more profitable business deals compared to their competitors. Lwin, Wirtz and Stanaland (2016) in their work state that business organisations use networks of distributors to deliver the goods to their end customers. They also use their promotional networks to create and increase awareness about their products among the customers. This analysis shows that networking has two forms one is targeted at the customers while the other is targeted at business partners. References is the networking channel which business organisations use to get more profitable business deals while their delivery networks help them to deliver goods to the final customers. The second advantage of networking is that it helps the companies to sell their products to a vast number of buyers all over the world. Nawi, Fong and Tatnall (2014) point out that the companies today to sustain the intense competition in their home and international markets take to using the ecommerce network to advertise their products to a global consumer base. Bosomworth (2015) supported Nawi, Fong and Tatnall though his work where he added that mobile phones have evolved into devices which allow customers to view and order for products just like the computer. Riasi (2015) in his work support both opinion and points that e-marketing has emerged as a strategic method which companies can use to advertise and sell their products. This online receiving of orders and selling of goods have increasing contribution to the revenue of companies. Thus, networking in form of e-commerce websites help the companies to sell their products to a huge consumer worldwide and earn lump sum profits w hich in turn yields competitive advantages in the global market. The third advantage of using social networking channels by business organisations is that it helps them in foreign market expansion and growth. Bharadwaj et al., (2013) state that digital networking like e-marketing has emerged into powerful channels to find out business partners, suppliers and distributors in a foreign market. The multinational can use the digital platforms to create awareness about their products they are aiming to introduce in a new market or the product with which they are aiming to enter the market. These marketing strategies attract interested suppliers and distributors which agree to work with the company in the new market. Laudon and Laudon (2016) point out that efficient supply chain which provide the companies with high quality raw materials at low prices have become imperative to the increasing in profit margin and reduction in production for the companies. Deresky(2017) states that this results in supply of high quality products at low prices which helps the companies to gain cost leadership in the market one hand and counteract the threats of newly entering companies. Moreover the companies use social media websites like Facebook to advertise their products which attracts both customers and logistics chains. Disadvantages of social networking to business organisations: Social networking in various forms like reference building and digital marketing have several advantages but it too has its disadvantages. Dawson(2015) contradicts Bharadwaj et al. (2013) and throw light on the greatest threat facing companies who use social media networking for business processes-cyber threat and cyber terrorism. Rotich et al. (2014) further supports Dawson and enlightens the disadvantage that cyber threat can do to companies using social networking sites. These writers states that the companies often have to share strategic information like upcoming products and business expansion plans over the social media websites. This exposes the crucial business data to unlawful elements who use the data to extort money from the companies to finance their unethical practices. Leukfeldt and Yar(2016) however states that social networking has become so imperative to the business processes of the companies that they cannot do away with social media altogether. This increased nec essity of social media have led the companies to bear huge expenditure to maintain the social media pages. Arief, B., Adzmi and Gross(2015) state that this regular maintenance ensures that the social networking pages and the databases of the companies are safe from cyber threats. However, Stubbs, J. Polityuk, P. (2017) snubs this perceived security of data bases of the companies due to regular checkups and warns the multinational companies of more powerful cyber attacks. Thus, use of social networking exposes the companies, the multinational companies in particular before cyber threats which cannot be prevented altogether. The second disadvantage of sharing business related information over the networking increases the knowledge base maintaining costs to the companies which erodes their limited resources. Laudon and Traver(2013) point out that the multinational companies today spend whopping crores of dollars and pounds to create the most advanced and stylish networking pages on the social media like Facebook. This high additional cost to attract customers and business partners adds to their advertising costs which in turn increases their cost of goods sold. This analysis clearly shows that social networking particularly in the digital space increases the expenditure of the multinational companies which puts immense pressure on their resources. Hilman and Kaliappen(2014) further points that increase in cost of production and its erosion of capital effects the cost leadership of multinational companies which badly impacts their capital maximisation and market competitive advantage. Thus, it can be infer red from the discussion that usage social networking by the multinational companies has dire effects on their cost leadership and long term competitive advantage. The next disadvantage of using social networking is that it exposes the companies before ethical issues. According to George, Haas and Pentland(2014) the multinational companies often share strategic business information with their local business networks using social networking. This puts these multinational companies into ethical challenges from these local business entities. Almirall, Lee and Mjchrzak(2014) further points out that local business entities may manipulate and steal the data of the multinational companies to bring about their own business development. Moreover, unethical employees may share the data with unauthorised persons to gain advantages and favours from them. These ethical challenges put multinational companies in risky situation. Thus, use of social networks may lead to ethical issues and business losses to multinational companies. Conclusion It can be clearly pointed out that multinational companies use social media on massive scale on to carry out business. It can also be summed up that this trend of using social networks has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that it helps the multinational companies to attract business partners and customers. It can summed that social networks more particularly the ecommerce companies have emerged as important sources for the company to earn profit. However, this exposes the MNCs before cyber threats and leads to huge expenditure to check these threats. The companies cannot do away with application of social media due to a multiple benefits of using it to conduct business. However, they can protect their social networks using strict vigilance measures like passwords and authentication of the identity of the users. Reference List: Almirall, E., Lee, M., Majchrzak, A. (2014). Open innovation requires integrated competition-community ecosystems: Lessons learned from civic open innovation.Business Horizons,57(3), 391-400. Arief, B., Adzmi, M. A. B., Gross, T. (2015). Understanding cybercrime from its stakeholders' perspectives: Part 1--attackers.IEEE Security Privacy,13(1), 71-76. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., Venkatraman, N. V. (2013). Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Bosomworth, D. (2015). Mobile marketing statistics 2015.Leeds: Smart Insights (Marketing Intelligence) Ltd. Country Road | Women's, Men's Kid's Clothing Homewares. (2017). Countryroad.com. Retrieved 18 August 2017, from https://www.countryroad.com/ Dawson, M. (Ed.). (2015).New threats and countermeasures in digital crime and cyber terrorism. IGI Global. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Drury-Grogan, M. L., Russ, T. L. (2013). A contemporary simulation infused in the business communication curriculum: A case study.Business Communication Quarterly,76(3), 304-321. George, G., Haas, M. R., Pentland, A. (2014). Big data and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(2), 321-326. Hilman, H., Kaliappen, N. (2014). Do Cost Leadership Strategy and Process Innovation Influence the Performance of Malaysia Hotel Industry?.Asian Social Science,10(10), 134. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013).E-commerce. Pearson. Leukfeldt, E. R., Yar, M. (2016). Applying routine activity theory to cybercrime: A theoretical and empirical analysis.Deviant Behavior,37(3), 263-280. Lwin, M. O., Wirtz, J., Stanaland, A. J. (2016). The privacy dyad: Antecedents of promotion-and prevention-focused online privacy behaviors and the mediating role of trust and privacy concern.Internet Research,26(4), 919-941. Nawi, N. C., Fong, M. W., Tatnall, A. (2014). Using Research Case Studies in eCommerce Marketing Courses: Customer Satisfaction at Point-of-Purchase and Post-Purchase.Journal of Information Technology Education: Research,13, 15-25. Riasi, A. (2015). Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), 15-27. Rotich, E. K., Metto, S. K., Siele, L., Muketha, G. M. (2014). A Survey on Cybercrime Perpetration and Prevention: A Review and Model for Cybercrime Prevention.European Journal of Science and Engineering,2(1), 13-28. Stubbs, J. Polityuk, P. (2017). Cyber Attacks Cripple Companies Worldwide. [online] HuffPost. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/cyber-attacks-europe_us_595270c5e4b0da2c731ead25 [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017].

The Representation of Irish Nationalism

Introduction The attempts to revive the Irish political nationalism have seen considerable Irish literary achievement. The country’s long history as a British colony and the effects of that colonization shapes the struggle for Irish nationhood and identity even today, both politically and imaginatively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Representation of Irish Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country’s struggle for independence intensified towards the turn of the 20th century culminating in partial independence in 1921 from British colonization (Abrams 2304). The long history of colonization has had profound effects on the cultural, political, economic and social aspects of the Irish; a situation Ireland is struggling with even today, in its efforts to establish a distinct Irish culture and an Irish nation state. The nationalist struggle for Irish identity and nationhood began in t he turn of the 19th century culminating in partial independence from British colonization in 1921 (Abrams 2305). This struggle is integral to Irish recent history and is a central focus for the many political activists, poets, artists and writers who attempt to give the Irish national spirit a voice. The three literary works: Yeats’s â€Å"September 1913†, â€Å"Easter 1916†, and Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead† revolve around the period preceding and after the Irish independence and subsequent creation of an Irish State. The three literary works touch on the problems and the issues associated with the Irish nationalist struggle in the early 20th century and its aftermath. The Themes: Yeat’s â€Å"September 1913† and â€Å"Easter 1916† Yeats’s Poetry comprises of poems written by an Irish poet, William Butler Yeats in the twentieth century (Yeats 1). In the two poems, â€Å"September 1913†and â€Å"Easter 1916†, Yea ts used the themes of national unity, nationalism, social division and the freedom of expression in the context of his country, Ireland. Through themes and figurative language, the poems reveal Yeats’s feeling regarding the Irish struggle for independence. In particular, the theme of nationalism dominates in the â€Å"Easter 1916† poem, where he mentioned the national heroes who died during the rebellion such as MacDonagh (Abrams 2308). He said, â€Å"Now and in time to be, /whenever green is worn,† (Finneran 182). Green in this context referred to the national color of his country and a color of the Irish solders’ uniforms. In this case, he alluded that the struggle for independence was still on in Ireland.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In â€Å"September 1913†, Yeats introduces the theme of freedom from oppression. Although Yeats was a patriot and advocated for independence of Ireland, he often criticized his country for the suppression of the right to free expression. In this poem he says, â€Å"Romantic Ireland’s dead and gone, / it’s with O’Leary in the grave† (Finneran 108), which shows that Ireland he had imagined no longer existed. His mention of O’Leary implied that the heroes who fought for Ireland’s freedom died in vain. He also alluded that Ireland lacked patriots who were willing to continue fighting for its freedom: â€Å"Yet they were of a different kind, /the names that stilled your childish play, /they have gone about the world like wind†, (Finneran 108). The middle classes comprising of the contemporary Roman Catholics had failed to fight for the same cause Yeats had fought for during that time; as such, Yeats felt betrayed by the contemporary Irish society (Abram 2303). Another theme that Yeats uses in his poems is that of social division, which a ppears in â€Å"September 1913†. Yeats detests the contemporary middle classes in Ireland and their corrupt practices (Abrams 2303). In the first three lines of this poem, he detests the money grabbing practices: â€Å"What need you, being come to sense, /But fumble in a greasy till, / and add the halfpence to the pence† (Yeats 8). In this case, Yeats viewed the middle classes as selfish as they cared less about their history and only cared about money. Neither, did they care about the Irish freedom fighters or their religion, Catholic. In contrast, in Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead†, Gabriel seems scornful of Irish language and Ireland as a whole; he claims that he is â€Å"sick of own country, sick of it† (164). In this regard, Joyce laments the lack of real Irish nationalists as represented in the character Gabriel. Similarly, in the â€Å"September 1913† poem, Yeats appears to favor â€Å"aristocracy and peasantry for their economic benefits bu t hates the middle classes because of their indifference to Irish freedom or nationalism† (Abrams 2303). As Yeats implies, â€Å"their selfishness destroyed the once romantic Ireland and made nationalism appear meaningless or less prominent† (Abrams 2307).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Representation of Irish Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In contrast, the premise of national unity stands out in Yeats’s masterwork of â€Å"Easter 1916†. This poem, written after the Easter rebellion in 1916, expressed the spirit of unity by the use of the word â€Å"our† to emphasize the importance of reconciliation of the middle classes who were behind the rebellion. In contrast, Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead† criticizes the cultural imperialism that threatens the harmony of the Irish and the revival of the Irish language and culture (Abrams 2306). The mood in â€Å"E aster 1916† is harmonic and apologetic; he apologizes for his misjudgment of the middle classes in his earlier poem, â€Å"September 1913†. He says, â€Å"Polite meaningless words, and thought before I had done, of a mocking tale or a gibe, to please a companion† (Finneran 180). In this regard, he recognizes their role in the rebellion and implies that the middle classes carried the Irish honor and as such, were part of the Irish history. In the â€Å"September 1913† poem, Yeats had indicated that he resented the middle classes for their critical attitudes towards Ireland (Finneran 111). Nevertheless, their role in the Easter Rebellion saw him change his mood from resentful to reconciliatory to promote unity. Themes: Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead† In ‘The Dead’, Joyce includes the Irish language to bring out the theme of national pride. During the last decade of the 19th century, the Irish underwent profound cultural revival; â€Å"the y struggled to define their identity† (Abrams 2307). A movement emerged to revive the national culture and language. As such, the Irish developed a renewed interest in the Irish language and literature including learning Gaelic that had been forgone as Irish adopted English language in public communication (Abrams 2307). Thus, this cultural revival gave the Irish a sense of identity and national pride. Joyce’s â€Å"The Dead† was written during this cultural revival: a time when the search for Irish identity and nationalism was at its peak. In â€Å"The Dead†, Gabriel’s interaction with Miss Ivors shows the significance that the Irish attached to Irish language. Gabriel totally refuses to acknowledge Ms. Ivors’ Irish nationalism. â€Å"Was she sincere? Had she any life of her own behind her propagandism?† (Joyce166).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, Ms. Ivors disapproves of Gabriel’s regular travel abroad and challenges his assertion that the European languages contain more cultural elements compared to his Irish language: â€Å"why do you go to France and Belgium, said Ms. Ivors, instead of visiting your native land†, Well, it’s partly to keep in touch with the languages, said Gabriel† (Joyce 164). In this regard, Joyce compares the cultural values and language of Ireland and those of Britain as represented in the character Gabriel Conroy. In this story, West Ireland symbolizes Irish Nationalism, with Gabriel representing disloyalty to Irish culture and language, whereas Ms. Ivors appreciates her native culture. As Gabriel implies in his speech, the West of Ireland values and practices contravenes the Irish traditions on hospitality (Joyce146). Further, following Ms. Ivors provocation, Gabriel develops a negative attitude towards anything Irish. Thus, Joyce uses the two characters to contr ast two different attitudes developed towards Ireland during the Irish struggle and its aftermath. Gabriel, though cultured in Irish culture, holds a low opinion of his nation; instead, he turns to British culture, which he perceives as sophisticated and better (Joyce 164). Ms. Ivors, on the other hand, is passionate about her native culture and leans towards the Irish traditions and culture. She spends her holidays in West Ireland where she can use her limited native language, Gaelic, freely (Joyce 157). She even accuses Gabriel of betraying his own culture by calling him a ‘West Briton’, (Joyce 166) as he identified himself more with English culture than his own native culture. This turns out to be true as Gabriel, in his speech after dinner, quotes from Robert Browning, an English poet. He even criticizes the true nationalists like Ms. Ivors: â€Å"the new generation growing up in our midst† (Joyce147). Here, Joyce alludes to cultural imperialism by the Englis h culture that threatens to erode the revival of Irish culture, and by extension, the Irish nationalism. Yeats in his â€Å"September 1913† directly criticizes the middle classes for their indifference towards Irish culture (Finneran 118). In contrast, Joyce, through two characters, Gabriel and Ms. Ivors, ridicules cultural imperialism warning that there are consequences for cultural traitors towards the end of the story. One can see Gabriel’s paralysis as due to his association with English culture rather than his own culture (Joyce 166). Yeats in the â€Å"September 1913† also shows the element of cultural betrayal but, hints that the Irish struggle for independence would continue. He criticizes the middle classes of doing little to protect their country and rues the death of Irish nationalism. He laments the loss of the glory that once his romantic native land prided. Yeats, unlike Joyce, used figurative stylistic devices to highlight the Irish situation duri ng their struggle for independence. Yeats used symbolism in â€Å"September 1913† and â€Å"Easter 1916.† In the â€Å"September 1913† poem, the expression â€Å"wild geese spread† and â€Å"wing upon every tide† (Finneran 108) symbolizes the Irish nationalists in asylum, in countries such as Austria, France and Spain. The inclusion of the names of the freedom fighters such as O’Leary symbolizes the Irish glory. In addition, the title â€Å"Easter† in â€Å"Easter 1916† poem symbolizes the rebirth of the Irish nation state. It is an illustration of the renaissance of Yeats’s view about the middle classes because of their position in the Irish Rebellion. Conclusion Irish literature is central to Irish nationalism and the modern Irish experience. Yeats, through the two poems, â€Å"September 1913† and â€Å"Easter 1916† captured the cultural reality of the Irish in this era. He believed that the Irish culture had the power to revive and reflect the Irish identity: â€Å"Now and in time to be, /whenever green is worn,† (Finneran 182). Similarly, Joyce in â€Å"The Dead† alludes to cultural imperialism and its consequences on nationalism. Thus, the dominant theme explored by Irish literature regards nationalism and continuity of the Irish culture. Works Cited Abrams, Mayers et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1986. Print. Finneran, Richard. The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats. New York: Simon Schuster Inc., 1996. Print. Joyce, James. Dubliners. New York: Signet Classics, 1967. Print. Yeats, William. Selected Poems and Three Plays by William Butler Yeats. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1962. Print. This essay on The Representation of Irish Nationalism was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay

Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay Example Burnout Prevention Program for Nurses Essay Example The nursing profession is one of the most demanding in terms of responsibilities to be performed and the working environment. The high pressure in the nursing profession makes nurses vulnerable to burnout, which affects their ability to deliver quality services to patients. Accordingly, burnout among nurses is possible when they start experiencing an increased prevalence of depression and anxiety. Their levels of commitment to their respective duties and responsibilities decline with the increasing levels of burnout. Burnout among nurses increases the annual turnover rates, as many nurses opt out of the practice to relax. Such situation is worrying and needs urgent intervention through proper coping strategies that would help them handle the numerous stresses they experience in their respective areas of work. One of the most notable examples of programs that have been successful in preventing burnout among nurses was the Resilience Training Program for Intensive Care Unit. According to Mealer, et al. (2014), the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) was in charge of the program and it was based on the cognitive behavioral therapy sessions, regular exercises over a 12-year period, expressive writing and mindfulness-based stress-reduction techniques. The strategies played an instrumental role in giving participants the opportunity to express themselves, hence releasing their stresses and other concerns in the best possible way. They were taught to be stronger and resilient in the stressful field. Therefore, it is vital for hospitals to understand the different challenges that nurses face in their work environments, as it would offer the opportunity to assist them in coping with burnout. Burnout prevention programs are only successful in instances where the needs of nurses are keenly evaluated and addressed in the most significant manner. The training program suggested in current essay would be crucial in addressing diverse challenges, inclu ding family problems, work structure, remuneration, interaction with patients and workplace relationships among nurses and their bosses. Current essay explicates the concept of burnout among nurses and suggests an effective program for burnout prevention for nurses. What is Burnout? Burnout refers to the long-term exhaustion and diminished interest in work among professionals in different field. Ceslowitz (1988) opines that burnout is always common among highly pressured professionals, such as those in the field of nursing. Specifically, burnout is a condition that emanates from the chronic occupational stresses, such as work overload and pressures relating to the completion of different jobs at the workplace. However, further evidence reveals that the etiology of burnout is multifaceted in nature as dispositional factors also tend to play a role in its occurrence. Lambie (2006) informs that burnout is widespread among professionals, but it is not recognized as a distinct disorder in the DSM-5 due to its closeness to other depressive disorders. In the ICD-10, burnout could be found under problems related to life management difficulties. Overall, a burnout could be defined as the unending feeling and exhaustion among professions in their respective areas of work. The Interpersonal Impact of Burnout When the concept of burnout was first described in the 1970s, it was originally linked to interpersonal stressors on the job. Falck and Kilcoyne (1984) inform that the concept of burnout was originally observed in the context of human services, such as healthcare, hence easily revealing its interpersonal impacts. In line with such understanding, the first significant interpersonal impact of burnout is the syndrome of emotional exhaustion. It emanates from a person’s emotional demands in the course of interacting with others at the workplace. Moreover, there is a high possibility that nurses will develop a reduced emotional attachment to other people at work due to the exhaustion caused by the workplace stressors. The individual feels exhausted in terms of responding to emotional demands in respect to others in the workplace. The second vital interpersonal impact of burnout is depersonalization. Ericson-Lidman and Strandberg (2007) are of the view that it is the cynical and negative response to patients and losing interest with oneself. For instance, nurses would lose interest in offering the required care to patients. Moreover, they tend to feel that patients are a bother to them and offer services that do not meet the required criteria due to burnout. The last crucial interpersonal impact of burnout is reduced personal accomplishment. It is believed that due to it a worker cannot work in the most effective manner with the clients. In the hospital setting, nurses tend to feel that they cannot work effectively with patients due to the frustrations they experience in the workplace. Symptoms of Burnout According to Brake, Gorter, Hoogstraten, and Eijkman (2001), burnout exhibits numerous symptoms that are easily noticeable from the behavior of workers. The first symptom is the unique feeling of tiredness. It is when a worker experiences tiredness coupled with aches and pains in different parts of the body. The second symptom of burnout is the loss of interest to work. Most people find their work a fun experience. However, they reach the level, at which they perceive their work a burden rather than a fun experience. The third notable symptom of burnout is the feeling of loneliness emanating from the decision to isolate oneself from others in the workplace. Such detachment tends to lead to depression among workers. Balk, Chung, Beigi, and Brooks (2009) assert that the fourth symptom of burnout is emotional exhaustion. The emotions of individuals tend to be blunted, and they may negatively react to co-workers. They lose that passion of working effectively with other employees and fail to realize the goals of the hospital in terms of service delivery. The last significant symptom of burnout is anxiety and continuous instances of worry among individuals. The workers tend to be anxious about everything occurring in the workplace. Some of them become frustrated with their own job performance and all other activities taking place within the work environment. Stages of Burnout Burnout develops in 12 diverse phases/stages among individuals. Wang, Liu, and Wang (2015) affirm that before explaining each of the stages, it is crucial to point out that burnout is not categorized as a distinct disorder in the DSM-5 because it is problematically closer to depressive disorders. Therefore, such stages are perceived the onset of depressive disorder from the perspective of DSM-5. The relevant stages theorized by Herbert Freudenberger and Gail North are summarized below. Stage 1: The compulsion to prove oneself. According to Falck and Kilcoyne (1984), it refers to the excessive ambition adopted by employees. The pressure to prove oneself at the workplace leads to compulsion. They want to be above everyone in terms of performance in their areas of work. Stage 2: Working harder. It emanates from the desire to prove oneself at the workplace. The employee develops higher expectations and sets higher targets compared to everyone. With the desire to prove themselves, they engage in any work at the workplace. Stage 3: Neglecting their needs. Such individuals place all their focus on work, while forgetting their personal needs. For instance, a worker might forget to eat, spend time with the family or friends. They perceive such activities unnecessary and prioritize work at any given time. Stage 4: Displacement of conflicts. Kushnir and Milbauer (1993) agree that at current stage the individuals convince themselves in the fact that what they are doing is not right. However, the individuals fail to recognize the cause of the problem leading to an individual crisis. Physical symptoms begin appearing at current stage among most individuals. Stage 5: Revision of values. In line with current stage, the individual prefers isolating himself/herself from others. Schaufeli, Leiter, and Maslach (2009) hold the view that individuals avoid conflicts and find themselves in a state of self-denial about their basic needs with the changing perceptions. They develop a new value systems focusing on job performance and become emotionally blunt. Stage 6: Denial of emerging problems. Current stage is characterized by intolerance as individuals are not social. Social relationships are extremely unbearable for them due to their intolerance. At this stage, outsiders are always able to identify aggression and aspects of sarcasm among such individuals. They blame their problems on the way they have changed rather than on their work and other organizational pressures. Stage 7: Withdrawal. It is when the social contacts reduce to the lowest level almost leading to isolation. Individuals tend to minimize their stresses using alcohol and cigarettes. Stage 8: Obvious behavioral changes. Ericson-Lidman and Strandberg (2007) reiterate that changes in the behavior of the person become so apparent that friends, co-workers and family members cannot overlook them. They begin fearing and shying away from other people due to the rapid changes in behavior and aggressive tendencies. Stage 9: Depersonalization. Individuals tend to lose contact with themselves, as they perceive themselves worthless. They also forget their own personal needs and they view their lives from a narrow perspective. They mostly focus on the present, forgetting the future. Stage 10: Inner emptiness. Individuals feel extremely empty on their inside and resort to the activities such as sex, overeating, alcohol and other drugs to overcome their stresses. Their engagement in such activities is always exaggerated. Stage 11: Depression. Smith (1999) informs that depression develops with time, as the individuals become hopeless, exhausted and develop the belief that they do not have a future. They see no meaning in their own lives as a result of the lost hope. Stage 12: Burnout syndrome. The emotions and physical status of such individuals collapses to the lowest level. At this stage, there is always a need for urgent medical attention for individuals. Suicidal ideation might occur in some instances caused by extreme depression. However, only a few people commit suicide. What is Not Burnout? In numerous instances, burnout has always been confused with stress. Specifically, individuals tend to confuse the symptoms of stress with burnout without understanding that they are two distinct disorders. However, stress is different from burnout because it is usually characterized by over-engagement, while burnout is associated with disengagement. A person would not be termed to be experiencing a burnout when he/she over-engages in a particular activity. Additionally, Schaufeli, Leiter, and Maslach (2009) point out that instances of emotional overreaction are not reflections of burnout, but stress. Goetz, et al. (2013) hold the opinion that burnout develops as a result of emotional bluntness among individuals, as they forget their own needs, family and friends. More so, stress might lead to premature death among individuals, while a burnout only makes individuals feel worthless in their lives. It does not necessarily have to lead to suicidal ideations. Therefore, incidences of sui cidal ideations may not necessarily reflect the presence of a burnout among individuals. Again, burnouts mostly tend to occur from the job, hence differing from stress, which might occur from any other causes. A burnout is not a feeling that arises from any other life event, but pressures in the work environment. Analysis of the Real Situation and Background MacKusick and Minick (2010) indicate that The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) indicates that the shortage of registered nurses in the country exceeds 500,000 registered nurses by 2025. It occurs due to the fear of starting the practice influenced by the associated workplace pressures. MacKusick and Minick (2010) emphasize that the study by AACN also indicated that an estimated 30%-50% of registered nurses leave their practices three years after starting their work. The longer working hours have contributed to burnout among such nurses, as they have to be involved in the routine of taking care of patients on a daily basis. Kalliath and Morris (2002) state that the increasing burnout levels lead to patient dissatisfaction with negative outcomes, which occur in the healthcare environment. Nobody wants nurses to leav the practice due to the increasing burnout levels. Again, everyone wants to experience a situation where patients are satisfied with the services delivere d to them by nurses. Such situation needs to improve to promote the ability of nurses to cope with such challenging environment. Therefore, the burnout prevention program was designed that would enhance the ability of nurses to cope with the pressures in their workplace. The program is specifically dedicated to decrease the pressures that nurses are exposed to and help them cope with their work. For instance, it focuses on encouraging hospitals to reduce the working hours for nurses, hence allowing them maximum time to rest. Even with the shortage of registered nurses, it is possible to deliver shifts that accommodate rest for nurses. The review of the work structure to manageable levels would play an instrumental role in leading to reduced burnout levels. One significant element that makes such burnout prevention program important is that it would involve the identification of a need assessment for nurses before tackling their issues in respect to factors contributing to their burnout. Balk, Chung, Beigi, and Brooks (2009) agree that the identification of needs is crucial because it leads to a more focused approach in the execution of the prevention program. In tandem with the program, the need was expressed to prevent burnout levels among nurses. Therefore, it has been planned to conduct surveys or questionnaires with nurses to identify their needs prior to helping them cope with workplace pressures. As Wang, Liu, and Wang (2015) explain, everyone with a burnout level higher than 4 on both the frequency and the intensity scale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory would need to be involved in such burnout prevention program. It is important as these are moderate levels of burnout as experienced by each person. It is noticeable, hence lead ing to the loss of interest in work and undesirable patient outcomes. Such burnout prevention program would start with involvement of individuals at the moderate to the high levels of burnout to facilitate future coping among them. Such strategy is developed accordance with the research conducted from the daily lives of nurses in the hospital setting. Program Aims and Goals The program will have both general and specific goals to guide its purpose in helping nurses prevent incidences of burnout by dealing with different matters they face. General Goals The first general goal is to train nurses on the best techniques to prevent burnout, while facing different issues at their workplaces; The second general goal of the program would be increase awareness, hence helping nurses identify symptoms easily as they face diverse challenges in their work environments. Specific Goals To promote the understanding of common signs of burnout among nurses; To improve resilience among nurses through in-depth training on relevant coping strategies relating to different challenges in the workplace; To ensure that nurses know the antecedents of burnout, hence enabling them deal with it effectively as they start experiencing it; To help nurses learn how to manage time to avoid finding themselves in working situations that expose them to burnouts. Appropriate time-management skills eliminate overworking; To decrease their burnout levels measured on the Maslach Burnout Index; To help nurses understand themselves in terms of their strengths and limitations; To help nurses learn how to manage their private and job life to avoid overindulgence in one area, while foregoing the other one; To enable nurses to learn how to reveal themselves. It relates to adopting the best strategies to communicate feelings and thoughts to other people, and being able to say â€Å"no† in some cases. Target Population and Location The participants in the program will be nurses from a hospital in the United States. The reason for it is that the nursing profession is one of the occupations that are exposed to numerous pressures, which lead to burnout. Smith (1999) asserts that while working in the hospital environment, nurses face different events, such as suffering cancer patients, dying patients and long working hours. Others have personal financial and family problems that expose them to burnouts, hence the need for the effective coping strategies. As noted earlier, the program would consider nurses who exhibit a burnout level higher than 4 on the Maslach Burnout Index, as they are at a high risk in terms of the burnout level. Such prevention program would only accommodate 15 nurses. Such number is perceived ideal because it is easier to work more efficiently with this number of people compared to working with a large number, for example 30 participants. Moreover, the number is ideal because it enhances perso nal contact with all participants, hence giving them the opportunity to benefit from the prevention program. The most significant thing to indicate here is that everyone will participate voluntarily without being coerced. The inclusion criteria is as follows: A person must be a nurse; A person must be participating in the delivery of healthcare services at a hospital; Should be working in shifts; Must be in a high responsibility area; Must have a social attitude as they help others all the time; Must be experiencing difficult working conditions, such as experiencing death, dealing with cancer patients and other suffering patients all the time; Has to be friendly and needs to have a large base of social contacts; Could be either male or female; Nurses with family and money problems would also be accommodated in such burnout prevention program. Exclusion Criteria: Exhibiting zero levels of burnout; Low responsibility area. Location The burnout prevention program will take place in a hospital in City X. Most of the sessions will take place outside the hospital setting to give the nurses a new experience that would help them relax and learn effectively. Skovholt, Grier, and Hanson (2001) are of the view that learning outside the hospital environment would be the most ideal way of helping them understand the best strategies of preventing burnout, while offering their services to patients in their respective high responsibility areas. Again, they would be able to express themselves better in any other environment away from the hospital. In addition, it may lead to the success of the intervention program in terms of enabling them prevent incidences of burnout, as they work in the future. Timetabling The prevention program is scheduled to take 12 weeks (3months) to accomplish its mission of helping nurses prevent burnout in the future. Participants would engage in similar activities with three sessions every week. There will also be an open forum session where participants have the opportunity to express themselves and receive instant feedback from facilitators. Balk, Chung, Beigi, and Brooks (2009) opine that such approach to learning would be significant in achieving the desired outcomes among the nurses. As a result, it will help improve their resilience and coping strategies in their challenging work environments.

Advantages and disadvantages of nationalising mines

Advantages and disadvantages of nationalising mines The Freedom Charter signed and preserved in June 1955 affirmed that the people shall share in the country’s wealth and more significantly ‘the mineral wealth below the soil, the banks, and monopoly industries shall be transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole†. There has been a lot of debate for the nationalisation of South African mines by members of the ANC who deem that it is now the ideal time to cement this item onto the ANC’s agenda for the 2012 Centenary Conference and for this to at last become government policy. According to a variety of reports, it is not the ANC’s national executive committee’s concern and as things stand today it is not government policy. Not everyone is as keen as Julius Malema to have mines nationalised (Mpho, 2011). Foreign investment has already declined due to Malema’s uncertain statements regarding the nationalisation of the South African mines. Advantages of nationalising mines A sector th at is nationalised, allows the government to have direct control over that sector. If the mining sector is nationalised, this would entice the government to sell more minerals within the South African borders rather than export these minerals to foreign countries. If mines were to be nationalised, then the revenue generated would be part of national revenue, and thus would benefit the entire country. Economic development and the total well being of the individual will be improved. South Africa has an unequal distribution of income, this extra revenue will allow government to redistribute income more equally, thus reducing poverty as well as lowering the unemployment rate. There will, however, be a substantial amount of legal and economic costs as well as costs which the government would have to face from the transferring of funds. All of these costs would occur in the short term, increasing government debt. However, in the long run, if the government flourishes, nationailasion of th e mines will benefit the entire nation. Disadvantages of nationailsation Nationalisation would create panic among foreign investors. South Africa has a history of state owned enterprises that haven’t been very successful, this would place more doubt in the mind of the foreign invertor. The mining sector, after nationalisation, could take a very long time to boast a profit. Resources are scarce, therefore during this time, resources may become depleted, resulting in huge losses for the South African economy. There are very large and vast costs that government would have to encounter if the mines of the country are nationalised. Some of these costs include the general operation and running of the mines, possible shutting down of the mines as well as developing the mines. If the government has not shown any signs of profit, these costs will still have to be incurred which could be detrimental to the economy and the well being of the individual South Afrrican. Debt of the governm ent would increase at tremendous rates and this will spill over and result in great fiscal deficits. Clive Coetzee, Kwazulu-Natal Treasury economist stated that the mining industry supports the four macroeconomic goals, economic growth, employment, a low inflation rate and a surplus in the balance of payments. He further states that in 2008 around 500 000 people were employed in the mining sector which contributes to 6, 1% of total non-agricultural formal employment. This is without the indirect effects of mining, if these effects are taken into account another 500 000 jobs are likely to exist. I believe that the private sector already has the necessary capital as well as human resource proficiency to maintain and sustain this sector. Therefore there is no reason to nationalize the mines in South Africa. Nationalisation has been tried in many countries. By looking at countries like Botswana, Zambia and Venezuela, one can clearly see that the nationalisation attempts of these countri es have failed.

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies Essay

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies - Essay Example By presenting these aspects of the marketing perspective of the pharmaceutical industry this paper attempts to come to the conclusion that in the final outcome of these marketing practices it is the care of the patients that is negatively affected. Introduction: Market conditions have never been so good for the pharmaceutical industry. The amount of money spent in the United States of America on prescription drugs was a whopping $141 billion in 2001, as per figures provided by the CMS Office of the Actuary. This expenditure on prescription drugs has made it the third largest factor in the expenditure on national health care in the United States of America. In 1990 for every dollar spent on health care, prescription drugs made up six cents. The proportional expenditure on prescription drugs has shown a significant rise by 2001 to ten percent. By 2010, this proportional expenditure on prescription drugs is expected to rise to 14.2%, more than doubling, in a period of two decades. There have been several factors that have contributed to this remarkable growth in spending on prescription drugs. These factors are the increased use of prescription drugs, an aging population, development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic ailmen ts, increasing consumer demand for prescription drugs, and the escalating cost of drugs. Unfortunately these good times have not made the pharmaceutical companies satisfied with the profits that this extra demand for prescription drugs would generate from their existing market share of the expenditure on prescription drugs. Instead the lure of raking in profits has made the pharmaceutical industries attempt to carve out a larger share of the pie, in terms of the prescription drug market.

Assignment2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Assignment2 - Essay Example Glossary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Images Image 1: The Waikato River System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Image 2: The Waikato River passing through Hamilton City†¦..5 Abstract The government of New Zealand has made it known that it intends to sell Mighty River Power together with some other assets; Mighty River Power is the sole proprietor of the Waikato River Hydro scheme which makes use of waters of the Waikato river water to generate hydroelectric power. A number of Maori organizations have indicated that they are against the sale because they believe they should have a say on the usage of the waters of river Waikato, and through the sale they will not be able to put this claim to the test. This issue has resulted in a nationwide debate regarding the ownership of the river’s waters, and is therefore worth discussing an d writing about. The Treaty of Waitangi, an agreement between the Maori tribes of New Zealand and the Britain’s colonial government, was signed in 1840 after much deliberation by the Queen and a growing concern for the welfare of New Zealand’s indigenous peoples (Orange 1987, pg.32). The Resource Management Act (RMA) was an act of parliament that was passed in 1991 for the primary purpose of stipulating how New Zealand’s natural resources should be managed, and the principles of the Treaty are regarded as the guiding framework of the Treaty of Waitangi. ... At the end of this report, this question should be solved and more clarity should be achieved with regards to this issue. 1. Introduction The Treaty of Waitangi is often viewed as the founding document of the country that is now known as New Zealand (Calman 2003, pg.30). Since its signing in 1840, it has played a very influential role in shaping the country, how its resources are managed and its relation to its indigenous peoples (in this case the Maori). Over years, there have been disagreements between the New Zealand government over the management of resources that the Maori people consider â€Å"theirs†. Most recently, the Crown’s intention to sell Mighty River Power has drawn criticism, outrage and uproar from various groups representing the Maori people. The purpose of this report is to discuss, examine and evaluate the Treaty, the RMA and the principles and to come up with a sensible and practical conclusion on the issue at hand. These three aspects are very impo rtant to the final outcome since they explain where all this is coming from and how it can be resolved. The significance of this report is that it will finally decide how to move forward in this whole conundrum; it will look at both parties’ claims and address them in a sound manner and finally put the matter to bed. This report will cover events and aspects dating from 1840 to the current and most recent controversy pitting the government of New Zealand and the Maori people. As a result, whatever conclusion is reached will be arrived at after a lot of factors are studied and examined exhaustively. Limitations to this study might be that so many changes have occurred since 1840, and yet everything in between must be looked into; the